Computer Architecture Technical Assignment Help

Computer Architecture

Introduction

“Computer Architecture is the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals.”

It is the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create a computer that meets functional, performance and cost goals. Computer architecture is concerned with balancing the performance, efficiency, cost, and reliability of a computer system. The case of instruction set architecture can be used to illustrate the balance of these competing factors. 

It provides the engines that power all of computing. It is important to understand with these follows:

• To understand the components and abstractions that make up a modern computing system 

• To understand how they impact a system’s performance, efficiency, and usefulness 

• To be able to harness, modify, and extend them to solve problems effectively

 

Definition:

“Civilization advances by extended the number of important operations which we can perform without thinking about them”- Alfred North Whitehead

It represents the means of interconnectivity for a computer's hardware components as well as the mode of data transfer and processing exhibited. Different computer architecture configurations have been developed to speed up the movement of data, allowing for increased data processing. 

Examples of computer architectures
the x86, made by Intel and AMD. The SPARC, made by Sun Microsystems and others. The PowerPC, made by Apple, IBM, and Motorola.

The three categories of Computer Architecture:

• System design:  System design includes all hardware parts of a computer, including data processors, multiprocessors, memory controllers, and direct memory access.
• Instruction set architecture (ISA): Defines the machine code that a processor reads and acts upon as well as the word size, memory address modes, processor registers, and data type. Microarchitecture: also known as "computer organization", this describes how a particular processor will implement the ISA.
• Microarchitecture: The fundamental design of a microprocessor. It includes the technologies used, resources and the methods by which the processor is physically designed in order to execute a specific instruction set (ISA or instruction set architecture).

Implementation:

Once an instruction set and micro-architecture have been designed, a practical machine must be developed. This design process is called the implementation. Implementation is usually not considered architectural design, but rather hardware design. Implementation can be further broken down into several steps:

• Logic implementation: Designs the circuits required at a gate as well transfer level.
• Circuit implementation: Does latches and multiplexers-level designs of basic elements as well as of some larger blocks caches etc. that may be implemented at the logic-gate level, or even at the physical level if the design calls for it.
• Physical implementation draws physical circuits. The different circuit components are placed on a board and the wires connecting them are created.
• Design validation tests the computer as a whole to see if it works in all situations and all timings. Once the design validation process starts, the design at the logic level are tested using logic emulators. However, this is usually too slow to run a realistic test. So, after making corrections based on the first test, prototypes are constructed using Field-Programmable Gate-Arrays. Most hobby projects stop at this stage. The final step is to test prototype integrated circuits, which may require several redesigns.

Computer architecture assignment and services Q&A:

Question 1: What are the different types of interrupts in a microprocessor system?

Answer: "Interrupts can either be internal or external. Internal interrupts, which are also referred to as "software interrupts", are caused by software instruction and operate similar to a branch or jump instruction. An external interrupt, which is also referred to as a "hardware interrupt," is caused by an external hardware module."

Question 2: What is a virtual memory on a computer?

Answer: "A virtual memory is an operating systems' memory management feature that uses software and hardware to allow computers to compensate for the shortages of physical memory by temporarily moving data from RAM to disk storage."

Question 3: What are flip-flops?

Answer: "Flip-flops, also called "latches", are electronic circuits that have two stable states used to store binary data. The data stored in the states can be modified by using varying inputs. Flip-flops are fundamental components of digital electronic systems used in communications, computers and many other kinds of systems."

Question 4: What is DMA?

Answer: "DMA, which stands for Direct Memory Access, is a feature of computer systems that allows an input/output device to receive or send data directly from or to the main memory, bypassing the CPU to boost memory operations. The process is performed by a chip known as the DMA controller."

Question 5: What is a cache?

Answer: "A cache is a small amount of memory, which is a part of the CPU. It's placed closer to the CPU than the RAM. It temporarily holds data and instructions that the CPU is likely to reuse."

 

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